Психология искушения и расплаты (Genesis 3:2-10)

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Looking Forward, Looking Back: Anticipation Is More Evocative Than Retrospection.
Leaf Van Boven University of Colorado at Boulder; Laurence Ashworth Queen’s University.

Journal of Experimental Psychology: 2007, Vol. 136, No. 2, 289–300

People tend to expect the best of good events and the worst of bad events (Schkade & Kahneman, 1998; Wilson, Wheatley, Meyers, Gilbert, & Axsom, 2000)



simply asking people to contemplate a hypothetical ski vacation as though it were in the future produced more intense emotion than contemplating a hypothetical vacation as though it had occurred in the past.

More important, participants reported more extensive mental simulation during anticipation and imagination of an emotional event than during retrospection about an emotional event, and this mental simulation partially mediated the effect of temporal perspective on current emotions.

A final implication concerns subjective well-being. Several researchers have suggested that the enjoyment people glean from retrospection is an important component of life satisfaction (Argyle, 2002; Chang, 2004; Diener, Suh, Lucas, & Smith, 1999; Van Boven & Gilovich, 2003). Our research suggests that the enjoyment
people glean from anticipation might also be an important component of life satisfaction: one’s satisfaction with life is influenced both by looking backward and by looking forward.

The psychological distance between the self and a future emotional event is almost always decreasing, whereas the psychological distance between the self and a past emotional event is almost always increasing. People’s cognitions and emotions therefore critically depend on both the distance between and the direction from the self and emotional events in psychological space. Emotional experience, in other words, depends not only on whether an emotional event is near or far but also on whether one is looking forward or looking back.